Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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An idea that could be traced back to Plato is that
A) | variation was due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal
form | B) | artificial selection of animals by humans proves that evolution can
occur | C) | acquired characteristics could be passed from parents to
offspring | D) | worldwide catastrophes caused extinction, followed by creation of new
species |
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2.
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Linnaeus developed his classification system for organisms according to
A) | a theory of descent by modification | B) | Darwin's theory of
evolution | C) | Lamarck's theory of evolution | D) | a theory of special creation and fixity of
species |
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3.
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Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in
South America was most closely related to his consideration of
A) | comparative anatomy | B) | biogeography | C) | the fossil
record | D) | comparative embryology |
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4.
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For natural selection to occur, there must be
A) | a uniform set of alleles | B) | a stable environment | C) | overpopulation | D) | no migration between two
areas |
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5.
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A group of biology students were visiting the Natural History Museum in New
York, when they stopped to observe the Pterosaur hanging above their heads. Fossils such as this and
the Archaeopteryx offer additional evidence linking
A) | reptiles and mammals | B) | birds and mammals | C) | birds and
reptiles | D) | amphibians and reptiles |
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6.
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Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most
closely concerned with
A) | comparative anatomy | B) | biogeography | C) | comparative
embryology | D) | comparative biochemistry |
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7.
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Comparisons are made among a broad range of organisms for similarities in amino
acid sequences. However, it is necessary to use
A) | structural proteins | B) | basic biochemical molecules that are
universal | C) | blood-type molecules | D) | any amino acids for any structure to provide a
legitimate comparison among organisms |
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 Figure
15-1
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8.
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Refer to Figure 15-1. A dog (not shown) has 11 amino acid differences from a
human. Which statement below correctly uses that information?
A) | The branch for dogs should be the same as the pig. | B) | The dog should be
used for xenotransplants. | C) | The dog evolved after the
pig. | D) | The dog and pig have 22 differences between their amino acid sequences for cytochrome
c. |
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9.
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Darwin observed that
A) | members of a population vary in their functional, physical, and behavioral
characteristics | B) | there is a constant struggle for survival of organisms | C) | organisms differ in
fitness | D) | All of the choices are correct |
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 Figure
15-2
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10.
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Peter and Rosemary Grant spent 20 years researching and cataloging the number
and types of finches on an island in the Galápagos. The medium ground finches’ data they
collected is graphed above. Based on the graph in Figure 15-2, the beak size is
A) | a result of the ratio of predators to birds | B) | based on the
genotype of the parents | C) | based on the finches’ fitness for the
environment | D) | a result of volcanic activity |
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11.
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Using Figure 15-2, if the 1984 weather pattern continued, which claim below
would be justified?
A) | The shorter depth of the beak would be selected based on its improved
fitness. | B) | The continued wet weather would result in new mutations. | C) | The larger-beaked
finches would migrate to other islands, leaving only this population. | D) | Cuvier’s
catastrophism hypothesis would be upheld. The finches would die out and be replaced by a more perfect
species. |
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 Figure
15-3
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12.
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If a similar diagram to Figure 15-3 was constructed comparing the wing of a
bird, the wing of a bat, and the wing of an insect, the insect wing would serve to illustrate an
example of
A) | a vestigial structure | B) | a homologous organ | C) | a possible ancestor
to the flying vertebrates | D) | an analogous
structure |
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13.
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Which of the following would change the gene frequencies of a population?
A) | Small population | B) | Assortative mating | C) | No
immigration | D) | Stable environment |
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14.
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Which of the following is a biological population?
A) | All of the corn plants in Kansas | B) | All of the variable-colored ladybird beetles of
the species Harmonia axyridis in a forest | C) | The male and female English sparrow that reside
in your backyard | D) | All of the human population in the Canary Islands |
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15.
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Which of these conditions would prevent the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A) | No net migration of alleles into or out of the population | B) | Small population
with genetic drift | C) | No selection of one genotype over
another | D) | Sexually reproducing and random mating population |
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16.
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A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait, and therefore
hidden in much of the human population. A survey of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed
and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would be the expected genotype
frequencies and allele frequencies in this theoretical population?
A) | 0.75 right-handed homozygous dominant and 0.25 recessive homozygous for 3-to-1
right-to-left-handed alleles in the population | B) | 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50
heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 3-to-1 right-to-left-handed alleles in the
population | C) | 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a
0.5 allele frequency for each allele | D) | 0.50 right-handed homozygous, 0.25
heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each
allele |
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17.
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Drug-resistance in bacteria occurs
A) | only when they are exposed to the drug to which they become
resistant | B) | more often when they are exposed to the drug and mutate | C) | at any time, even
when they are not exposed to the drug | D) | only when they are exposed to radiation or
other mutagens |
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18.
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If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two
populations will
A) | become more similar in their gene pools | B) | become isolated from
each other | C) | develop into different species | D) | adapt to different conditions and become
separate |
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Narrative 16-1
British land snails have two different banding patterns. In
the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark
snails survive, and the light-banded snails are eaten. The banding pattern does not result in
assortative mating.
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19.
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Using Narrative 16-1, why doesn't this disruptive selection eventually lead
to two separate species?
A) | There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow. | B) | They are already two
separate species, and the intermediate forms are hybrids. | C) | The color forms are
probably not genetically determined. | D) | This will result in the formation of two
species if given enough time. |
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20.
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Refer to Narrative 16-1.
Variations are maintained by
A) | selection for an adaptation | B) | promoting assortative
mating | C) | heterozygote advantage | D) | producing dimorphic
organisms |
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21.
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Refer to Narrative 16-1. The male widowbird will lose the longer feathers
after mating season is over. The long tail feathers require more energy to produce and more energy to
fly. The trade-off between the energy required and female access is an example of
A) | good genes hypothesis | B) | dominance hierarchy | C) | cost-benefit
analysis | D) | male competition |
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 Figure 16-2
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22.
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Using Figure 16-2, assume a new intestinal parasite that affects horses were to
evolve. It tends to be fatal to large horses because they cannot tolerate the level of nutrient loss
to the parasite. It also is fatal to small horses because the infection overwhelms their immune
system. Midsize horses however are immunologically unaffected by the parasite and seem to tolerate
the nutrient loss. Over time, what process has occurred in the horse population?
A) | Bottleneck affect | B) | Directional selection | C) | Stabilizing
selection | D) | Disruptive selection |
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23.
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Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of
the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why?
A) | This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals. | B) | Radiation damage to
genes usually occurs in genitalia. | C) | Small changes in the genitalia result in
reproductive isolation. | D) | Arthropods have hard exoskeletons, so head,
wing, and leg structures cannot be modified. |
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24.
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In 1981, the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) caused billions of dollars in
damage to California fruit crops. Spraying with insecticides did not work, but the release of sterile
males eradicated local populations. The monogamous female fly lays eggs just under the skin of the
fruit. The larvae hatch within 3 days and quickly mature. Why did this method work?
A) | The vast numbers of sterile males prevented access to females. | B) | The sterilization
resulted in mechanical isolation. | C) | The sterilized males were able to attract
females, mate, and yet produce no viable zygotes. | D) | The sterilization resulted in temporal
isolation. |
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Narrative 17-1
In the Galápagos Islands, there are three different
species of boobies, masked, blue-footed, and a red-footed booby. The red-footed species has several
morphs. In the white morph, most of the feathers are white, with tips of the tail and wings black.
There is also a brown morph. Each of three different species of boobies has a unique courtship dance
that involves lifting their spectacular feet.
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25.
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Referring to Narrative 17-1, in rare instances, two of the three species of
boobies have been observed mating. Which postzygotic isolating mechanism would occur?
A) | None; the two species of boobies differ only in their phenotype. | B) | F2
fitness; the boobies are genetically similar, which allows their chromosomes to
align. | C) | A hybrid booby will occur due to alloploidy of their chromosomes. | D) | Mechanical isolation
occurred due to incompatible genitalia. |
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26.
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Which of the following distinguishes the evolutionary species concept from the
biological species concept?
A) | The evolutionary species concept relies on the identification of morphological
traits, which indicate differences in species. | B) | The evolutionary species concept recognizes
that each species shares its evolutionary history. | C) | The evolutionary species concept assumes that
species are geographically isolated. | D) | The evolutionary species concept relies on
reproductive isolation instead of trait differences. |
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27.
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One disadvantage of the biology species concept is
A) | it can distinguish organisms in the midst of few trait
differences | B) | it cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually | C) | it is supported by
biochemical data | D) | it can be used to distinguish organisms that do not live near each
other |
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28.
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The Hallucigenia is an example of one of the fossilized invertebrates found in
the Burgess Shale. Which of the following terms would be most applicable?
A) | Allopatric | B) | Vertebrate | C) | Extinct | D) | Autoploidy |
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29.
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The coelacanth’s fins differ from a normal fish. It is sometimes believed
to be a missing link between fish and terrestrial amphibians. What would account for the differences
in the fins between it and modern-day bony fish?
A) | The use of the fins to crawl from one watery marsh to another | B) | The activity of the
Hox gene controlled the development of extra limbs/fins and allowed them to be
repeated. | C) | The transcription factor for the Tbx5 gene was turned off in fish and turned
on in coelacanths. | D) | Differential gene expression occurred in
Pax6. |
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30.
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Recall the photographs from the U.S. moonwalks. Not only did the astronauts have
to supply their own tanks to maintain a breathing atmosphere and body pressure, the color of the sky
above the horizon was black. What is/are the primary reason(s) that the Moon has no
atmosphere?
A) | There were absolutely no atoms of carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen in the primordial mass
that became the Moon. | B) | Because it moves closer to the Sun half the
time, the atmosphere boiled away. | C) | The smaller size provided too little
gravitational force to hold an atmosphere. | D) | Sunlight was critical, and the Moon receives
far less sunlight per unit area than Earth. |
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31.
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Which of the following forms of energy did Miller use in his 1953
experiment?
A) | Radioactivity | B) | Electrical energy | C) | Heat | D) | Radiation from the
Sun |
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32.
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Stanley Miller performed an experiment that proved that amino acids could be
produced in the laboratory from a reducing atmosphere and electrical sparks. He used ammonia instead
of inert nitrogen. Ammonia would not have been found in the early atmosphere. Which of the following
statements takes into account these findings?
A) | Miller’s experiment is no longer used to describe the production of organic
molecules. | B) | Ammonia is found in hydrothermal vents, and the accidental inclusion of ammonia
supports the formation of organic molecules along the hydrothermal vents. | C) | Miller’s
experiment is still used as evidence due to the uncertainty of the contents of early
Earth. | D) | Miller’s experiment was used to prove that the early atmosphere was not
composed of ammonia. |
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33.
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An alternative hypothesis regarding the formation of polymers in clay was
proposed by Cairns-Smith. Which of the following support this hypothesis?
A) | Clay could attract and collect energy and small organic molecules. The energy would
be used for polymerization. | B) | The molecules in clay were used to build
nucleic acids and enzymes. | C) | The sticky clay was able to hold two RNA
molecules together to form DNA. | D) | The air spaces in clay lead to the formation of
microspheres that enclosed molecules from the clay. |
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34.
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If the first cells on Earth were formed at the hydrothermal vents, which method
of obtaining energy would the cells most likely have used?
A) | Chemosynthetic; the cells would have used the chemicals to produce their own
food. | B) | Heterotrophic; the abundant organic molecules present in the ocean made producing
food unnecessary. | C) | Photosynthetic; the amount of ultraviolet
energy reaching Earth would have enabled cells to reproduce quickly. | D) | All are equally as
likely. |
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35.
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Because of its widespread use in all living organisms, _______ is thought to
have been one of the earliest metabolic pathways developed by life.
A) | glycolysis | B) | fermentation | C) | the Krebs
cycle | D) | photosynthesis |
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Narrative 18-1
To the casual tourist, stromatolites look like boulders in the
shallow water off Australia’s western coast. Upon closer examination, the outer surface
is covered with cyanobacteria. The interior of the stromatolites contain fossilized
cyanobacteria.
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36.
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Referring to Narrative 18-1, Cyanobacteria produced oxygen that
A) | changed the atmosphere to a reducing atmosphere | B) | formed a pollutant
called ozone | C) | allowed a more efficient form of respiration to evolve | D) | destroyed the
atmosphere |
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37.
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The first eukaryotic cells probably arose when the nucleus and other organelles
gradually formed. This occurred
A) | 1.0 billion years ago | B) | 2.2 billion years ago | C) | 3.5 billion years
ago | D) | 4.5 billion years ago |
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38.
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Which statement best describes the endosymbiotic theory?
A) | The endosymbiotic theory describes the evolution of organelles from trapped
coacervate droplets. | B) | The endosymbiotic theory describes the
evolution of multicellularity when single prokaryotic cells shared duties and merged
together. | C) | The endosymbiotic theory describes how one prokaryotic cell developed two different
pathways of respiration, and split into two eukaryotic cells. | D) | The endosymbiotic
theory describes the engulfing of free-living prokaryotic cells, which then became
organelles. |
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39.
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Primitive Earth's atmosphere contained gases produced by
A) | outgassing by Earth's interior | B) | gravitational energy | C) | radioactivity | D) | solar energy |
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Figure 18-2 
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40.
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The above apparatus in Figure 18-2 was the experimental design of a classic
experiment performed by
A) | Oparin | B) | Miller and Urey | C) | Cairns-Smith | D) | Sidney Fox |
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41.
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What were the results of the experiment in Figure 18-2?
A) | Large biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids were
produced. | B) | No important biochemical substances could be generated. | C) | A variety of amino
acids were generated this way. | D) | The experiment provided conclusive proof that
this was how early biochemical compounds must have formed. |
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42.
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The scientific name, Acer rubrum
A) | represents the geographic location | B) | is named after its
discoverer | C) | describes a characteristic of the organism | D) | is written in Greek
to avoid confusion |
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43.
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What taxa would complete the sequence: superorder, order, _____, _____?
A) | phylum, class | B) | suborder, extraorder | C) | miniorder,
microorder | D) | suborder, infraorder |
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44.
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In cladistics, any feature that is found in both the outgroup and the study
group is a(n)
A) | ancestral character | B) | clade | C) | character
trait | D) | derived character |
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Figure 19-1 
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45.
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Using Figure 19-1
Species “a” first appeared in the fossil record
400 million years ago. Which of the following statements could be derived from that fact and your
knowledge of the molecular clock?
A) | Species “a”, “d”, and “e” first appeared in the
fossil record at the same time. | B) | Species “a” and “h”
have accumulated the same amounts of mutations. | C) | Species “d” and “e”
would have diverged in more recent times. | D) | Species “d” and “h”
would have diverged early in the fossil record. |
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46.
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The cladogram above in Figure 19-1 can also be shaded to represent different
clades. Which of the following should be shaded to show a monophyletic clade?
A) | Box in G, H, F | B) | Box in G, H, F, and B | C) | Box in D, C, E, G,
H | D) | Box in D, C, E, and B |
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47.
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Why is the forelimb of the frog and chicken considered homologous?
A) | Analogous structures appear in related organisms that perform the same
function. | B) | They were derived from a single structure in the ancestor, but were adapted to
different uses. | C) | Biochemical data and the fossil record are used to verify the similarities in each
organism. | D) | Both the frog and chicken had a common ancestor with vestigial
forelimbs. |
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48.
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Another group of scientists are comparing all organisms with wings and want to
use wings as their ancestral character in a cladogram. Which of the following questions would be most
important to answer for their task?
A) | What is the function of the wings? | B) | What is the internal anatomy of the
wing? | C) | How do the muscles use ATP in flight? | D) | Do the bones have the same articulation at the
ends? |
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49.
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Which of the following concepts are mismatched?
A) | Cladistic systematics—uses shared derived characters | B) | Traditional
systematics—uses anatomical data | C) | Parsimony—used to simplify
cladograms | D) | Homology—study of organs of different ancestry but similar
uses |
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50.
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Prior to 1970, all bacteria were classified under a single kingdom, Kingdom
Monera. In the 1970’s, Kingdom Monera was split into two domains. Which of the following was
the most important evidence for making these changes?
A) | The differences in the habitats of the bacteria | B) | The type of cell
wall | C) | The susceptibility to antibiotics | D) | The differences in the rRNA
sequence |
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